https://immunobites.com/2022/06/06/from-alpha-to-omicron-t-cells-hold-up-as-sars-cov-2-evolves/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/immunobites-sars-variants-article-blake.jpegimmunobites sars variants article blake2022-06-07T01:27:36+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2022/04/08/mature-tertiary-lymphoid-structures-close-and-ready-to-fight/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/boix-voer.jpgboix voerhttps://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/boix-figure2-e1649434558550.pngFigure 2. Stimulating the body's immune system has a more promising effect in tumor control and patient survival when patients have in the tumor neighborhood mature tertiary lymphoid structures. Mature tertiary lymphoid structures are an aggrupation close to the tumor rich in immune cells responsible for generating and executing an anti-cancer specific response. Created with BioRender.com.https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/boix-figure1-e1649434493550.pngFigure 1. In some tumor surroundings, there may be an accumulation of immune cells. This aggrupation of immune cells is called tertiary lymphoid structure and its immune cell composition may vary from one tumor to another. a) Tumor without an accumulation of immune cells in its neighborhood. b) Tumor with tertiary lymphoid structures that are rich for T and B cells. b) Tumor with mature tertiary lymphoid structures. Mature tertiary lymphoid structures contain dendritic cells and T and B cells. Created with BioRender.com. 2022-04-12T17:31:25+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2022/04/11/t-cells-as-the-antidote-for-a-broken-heart/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/stethoscope-5355233_960_720.pngstethoscope-5355233_960_7202022-04-11T15:51:25+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2022/04/04/location-location-location-redirecting-the-vaccine-package/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/yong-jiang-fig3-032022.pngFigure 3: Parabiosis. Surgically conjoined mice share the same circulatory system, which enables free exchange of circulating cells and proteins. Image created with BioRender.comhttps://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/yong-jiang-fig2-032022.pngFigure 2. Routes of immunization administration. The researchers expose the mice to flu virus either intranasally or intraperitoneally. Image created with BioRender.comhttps://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/yong-jiang-fig1-032022.pngFigure 1. The mucosal immune system. The mucosal surfaces consist primarily of respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urogenital tracts. Image created with BioRender.com2022-04-04T21:55:09+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2022/03/14/ready-set-grow-neurons-working-out-the-blood-to-reduce-brain-inflammation/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/cover_unsplash.jpgCover_unsplash2022-03-14T20:00:37+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2022/03/02/now-you-see-me-how-immune-cells-are-being-engineered-to-fight-cancer/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/samus-figure-2.pngFigure 2: Suggested immune therapy approach to target pancreatic cancer. Untransduced T cells and CAR-T cells cannot reach into the deeper layers of the tumor. As demonstrated by Lesch et al, a combination of CXCR6 and CAR on the surface of T cells leads to the most efficient T cell infiltration into the CXCL16-expressing pancreatic tumor. Image created with BioRender.comhttps://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/samus-figure-1-e1646236131122.pngFigure 1: Chemokine-mediated immune cell movement. Chemokines are small secreted proteins. They are recognised by receptors on the surface of immune cells, inducing them to migrate to where they are needed. Image created with BioRender.com2022-03-03T02:06:49+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2022/02/15/immunological-insights-from-an-unlikely-source-what-we-learned-from-emptying-the-guts-of-carnivorous-starfish/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/cover-image-e1644773345924.jpgCover Image2022-02-15T15:19:21+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2022/01/31/third-times-the-charm-why-a-covid-19-booster-is-beneficial/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/injection-g75020694d_1920.jpginjection-g75020694d_19202022-02-01T10:08:08+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2021/12/20/an-unlikely-anti-hero-the-role-of-autoantibodies-in-long-covid/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/coverart-for-kara-oneal.pngCoverart for Kara O'Neal2021-12-21T04:41:14+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2021/11/29/orchestration-of-immune-response-during-covid-19-coordination-of-local-and-systemic-immunity-determines-clinical-outcomes/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/prasesh-shiwakoti-lomash-mohihqdmuyy-unsplash.jpgprasesh-shiwakoti-lomash-moHiHqdmUYY-unsplash2021-11-29T20:35:40+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2021/11/26/brain-injury-infection-and-inflammation-what-could-possibly-go-wrong/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/brain-2062048_1280.jpgbrain-2062048_12802021-11-26T14:46:53+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2021/11/09/hiv-the-not-so-retro-virus/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/hiv-gcaaf562e1_1920.jpghiv-gcaaf562e1_19202021-11-09T15:56:12+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2021/11/08/spilling-the-tea-on-spillover-events-how-zoonotic-diseases-are-able-to-evade-immune-detection-in-animal-hosts/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/imperator-difiore-cover-image.jpgImperator-DiFiore cover imagehttps://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/imperato-difiore-fig1.pngFigure 1. The NLRP3 Inflammasome. Schematic featuring the major components of the NLRP3 inflammasome, including the NLRP3 receptor, the ASC complex, and caspase before it has been cut and activated. Image was created using BioRender.com, and is based off of: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammasom#/media/Datei:Inflammasome_vector.svg2021-11-09T00:01:59+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2021/09/27/catch-me-if-you-can-the-malaria-parasite-and-the-human-immune-system/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/mosquito-4840948_1920.jpgmosquito-4840948_19202021-09-28T00:06:55+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2021/09/06/running-interference-in-covid-19-regulating-interferon-responses-via-sting/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/lungs-2803208.pnglungs-28032082021-09-06T14:51:50+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2021/08/04/all-about-alloreactivity/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/6038464060_40977d0052_b.jpg6038464060_40977d0052_b2021-08-04T15:25:46+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2021/07/05/not-just-smoke-and-mirrors-how-immune-cells-protect-the-lungs-from-cigarette-smoke-damage/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/fire-545374_1920.jpgfire-545374_1920https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/cigarette-110849_1280.jpgcigarette-110849_12802021-07-05T17:32:30+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2021/06/27/its-not-enough-for-the-cancer-treatment-to-kill-the-cancer-cells/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/cancer-cell.jpgT-lymphocytes attacking cancer cell, illustrationT lymphocyte cells attacking a cancer cell, computer illustration. T lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that recognise a specific site (antigen) on the surface of cancer cells or pathogens and bind to it. Some T lymphocytes then signal for other immune system cells to eliminate the cell. The genetic changes that cause a cell to become cancerous lead to the presentation of tumour antigens on the cell's surface.2021-06-29T14:21:03+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2021/06/08/car-macrophages-training-your-immune-system-to-target-cancer/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/picture2.pngPicture22021-06-11T19:52:20+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/glossary/2021-06-08T14:52:00+00:00weekly0.6https://immunobites.com/2021/05/28/hiding-in-plain-sight-how-cytomegalovirus-evades-the-immune-system/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/boy-1209131_1920.jpgboy-1209131_19202021-05-28T11:32:51+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2021/05/10/saving-the-immune-system-from-itself-a-multiple-sclerosis-vaccine/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/cover-image-e1620658422240.pngcover imagehttps://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/3-untitled-slide-e1620658513839.pngFigure 3: After vaccination, Treg cells on patrol stop rogue immune cells from attacking myelin, allowing myelin to be replaced. Fully myelinated axons send the right electrical signals and disabilities disappear. https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/2-untitled-slide.pngFigure 2: Schematic representation of how the mRNA vaccine works by educating Treg cells to protect MOG peptide and therefore myelin.https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/1-untitled-slide-e1620658485263.pngFigure 1: Schematic representation of MS disease progression. a) A healthy neuron successfully sends an electrical signal. b) A rogue immune cell attacks the myelin wrapped around the axon. When myelin is degraded, electrical signals are disrupted and present as disability in MS patients. 2021-05-10T15:09:36+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2021/04/12/the-dangerous-duet-in-dementia-a-role-for-macrophages-and-prostaglandins/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/cover-image_tao-e1618252993460.jpghttps://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/tao-figure-1.pngFigure 1: Prostaglandins act on macrophages to promote dementia. (Top) Prostaglandins interact with a receptor on macrophages that reduces macrophages glycolysis. This promotes inflammation and dementia in mice when they grow old. (Bottom) Removing this interaction either genetically or with a drug will improve the dementia seen in old mice."2021-04-13T16:46:14+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2021/03/29/immune-cells-help-reconnect-eyes-to-the-brain/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/people-2605526_1280.jpgpeople-2605526_12802021-03-29T21:30:20+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2021/03/15/the-future-of-sepsis-molecular-discoveries-that-could-lead-the-way-to-new-therapies/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/pexels-photo-3769151.jpegphoto of woman lying in hospital bedPhoto by Andrea Piacquadio on <a href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/photo-of-woman-lying-in-hospital-bed-3769151/" rel="nofollow">Pexels.com</a>https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/sepsis-life-pictured-as-word-sepsis-wreck-ball-to-symbolize-sepsis-can-have-bad-effect-can-destroy-life-d-165042864.jpgsepsis-life-pictured-as-word-sepsis-wreck-ball-to-symbolize-sepsis-can-have-bad-effect-can-destroy-life-d-1650428642021-03-18T18:16:25+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2021/03/02/the-gut-out-of-balance-how-food-allergies-arise-when-tgf%ce%b21-fails/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/picture_cover-1.pngPicture_Coverhttps://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/picture_cover-e1614702649596.pngPicture_Coverhttps://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/picture2.pnghttps://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/picture1-e1614795125261.png2021-03-03T18:59:10+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/articles-page/2021-02-23T22:49:26+00:00weekly0.6https://immunobites.com/2018/08/20/positive-and-negative-selection-of-t-cells/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/pexels-photo-247676.jpeglow angle view of spiral staircase against black backgroundPhoto by Pixabay on <a href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/low-angle-view-of-spiral-staircase-against-black-background-247676/" rel="nofollow">Pexels.com</a>https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/virus-5672355_1920.jpgvirus-5672355_1920https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/picture1.pngPicture1https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/hhh.pnghhhFigure 1: TCR recognition of MHC complexes. When a TCR binds an antigen-MHC complex displayed by a sick or infected cell, the T cell can induce cell death called apoptosis (top). In order for mature, antigen-recognizing T cells to develop without being self-reactive and causing autoimmunity, T cells must go through both positive and negative selection. In positive selection, T cells in the thymus that bind moderately to MHC complexes receive survival signals (middle). However, T cells whose TCRs bind too strongly to MHC complexes, and will likely be self-reactive, are killed in the process of negative selection (bottom).https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/picture21png.pngPicture21pngFigure 1: TCR recognition of MHC complexes. When a TCR binds an antigen-MHC complex displayed by a sick or infected cell, the T cell can induce cell death called apoptosis (top). In order for mature, antigen-recognizing T cells to develop without being self-reactive and causing autoimmunity, T cells must go through both positive and negative selection. In positive selection, T cells in the thymus that bind moderately to MHC complexes receive survival signals (middle). However, T cells whose TCRs bind too strongly to MHC complexes, and will likely be self-reactive, are killed in the process of negative selection (bottom).https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/screen-shot-2018-08-06-at-3-37-30-pm-e1533586135114.pngScreen Shot 2018-08-06 at 3.37.30 PMhttps://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/screen-shot-2018-08-06-at-3-43-22-pm.pngScreen Shot 2018-08-06 at 3.43.22 PMFigure 1: TCR recognition of MHC complexes. When a TCR binds an antigen-MHC complex displayed by a sick or infected cell, the T cell can induce cell death called apoptosis (top). In order for mature, antigen-recognizing T cells to develop without being self-reactive and causing autoimmunity, T cells must go through both positive and negative selection. In positive selection, T cells in the thymus that bind moderately to MHC complexes receive survival signals (middle). However, T cells whose TCRs bind too strongly to MHC complexes, and will likely be self-reactive, are killed in the process of negative selection (bottom).2021-07-09T07:52:38+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2021/02/18/allergy-how-memory-becomes-trouble/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/allergy-1738191_1920-1.jpgallergy-1738191_19202021-02-18T12:26:11+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2021/02/08/mrna-vaccines-the-battle-against-the-sars-cov-2-pandemic/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/d2cbbe61-a6d2-40e6-a04306f2b82aaa06_source.jpgd2cbbe61-a6d2-40e6-a04306f2b82aaa06_source2021-02-09T00:25:03+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2021/01/19/a-scientific-milestone-the-worlds-first-bioengineered-human-thymus/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/picture1.pngPicture12021-01-22T01:40:47+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2021/01/05/survival-of-the-fretful-the-link-between-immune-cells-and-anxiety/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/isidoro-figure-2.pngFigure 2: Anxiety-like behavior experiments. Observing presence or decrease of anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus maze test and open field test of a) control mice and b) mice lacking γδ T cells and IL-17a, respectively. Figure created with BioRender.com.https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/isidoro-figure-1.pngFigure 1: Meningeal Immune Cell Signaling on Behavior. a) Meningeal γδ T cells produce IL-17a cytokines that impact mice behaviors. b) This occurs via IL-17a binding to IL-17a receptors on neurons. Triggering these anxiety-like behaviors is important for survival because it induces increased alertness and vigilance as well as reaction speed. Figure created with BioRender.com.https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/cover-image.jpgcover image2021-01-05T14:59:29+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2020/12/28/99-macrophage-balloons/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/anatomy-160524_1280.pnganatomy-160524_12802020-12-28T15:29:52+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2020/12/16/t-cells-in-the-brain-healthy-vs-multiple-sclerosis-neuroimmune-profiles/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/brain.pngbrain2022-07-07T15:34:22+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2020/12/14/finding-love-in-a-hopeless-place-how-deep-sea-anglerfish-evolved-to-fuse-with-their-mates/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/bufoceratias.jpgBufoceratias2020-12-14T21:19:07+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2020/12/09/placenta-specific-immune-cells-and-their-delicate-balancing-act/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/fetus-1788082_1920.jpgfetus-1788082_19202020-12-10T15:01:28+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2020/11/16/exosomes-the-immune-systems-invisible-army/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/exosomes_hela_cells.jpgexosomes_hela_cells2020-11-16T22:03:31+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2019/08/05/the-game-of-simon-says-predicting-flu-vaccine-response-using-machine-learning/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/32904768315_f889e3ccdf_o.jpg32904768315_f889e3ccdf_ohttps://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/dilara.pngDilara2020-10-26T16:17:58+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2020/01/03/b-back-soon-gone-fishing-the-evolution-of-b-cell-signaling-in-jawless-fish/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/lamprey-mouth.jpglamprey mouthhttps://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/lamprey.pnglamprey2020-10-26T16:17:35+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2020/10/25/living-the-high-collagen-life-the-role-of-collagen-in-regulating-macrophage-responses/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/cancer-cell.jpgcancer cellhttps://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/10.26.2020-kiran-immunobites-article-figure-10.26.2020-13111.pngLarsen et al. investigated how the amount of collagen impacts macrophage responses. They showed that macrophages grown in high-collagen environments (right) were less efficient at recruiting cytotoxic T cells and inhibited T cell proliferation when compared to low collagen environments (left). They were the first research group to demonstrate that the density of collagen present suppresses the macrophage immune response. Image created using BioRender.com.2020-11-24T05:27:33+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/about/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/kimberly.jpgkimberlyhttps://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/icon.jpgiconhttps://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/vini.jpgvinihttps://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/mariel.jpgmarielhttps://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/maria.jpgView More: http://diprimaphotography.pass.us/professional-headshotshttps://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/kerry.jpgkerry2020-09-17T17:02:50+00:00weekly0.6https://immunobites.com/2020/09/15/pathogens-love-to-muddy-the-waters-to-escape-immune-response-all-about-pattern-recognition-receptors/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/thumb-03.jpgThumb-032020-09-15T14:37:36+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2020/09/08/to-immunity-and-beyond-exploring-the-immune-system-during-spaceflight/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/tsagkaris_christos.jpgTSAGKARIS_CHRISTOShttps://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cover.jpgcover2020-09-09T13:24:16+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2019/10/14/the-fetus-directs-the-maternal-immune-system-with-treg-supervision/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/picture2.jpgPicture2https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/bio3.pngbio3https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/bio.jpgbiohttps://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/biorender.pngbiorender2020-09-08T05:24:17+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2020/09/08/are-we-there-yet-making-progress-toward-a-covid-19-vaccine/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/15138207362_716ba8e140_k-e1599537629335.jpgvaccine clinical trial naiad2020-09-08T04:25:33+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2020/07/20/distinct-gut-microbiota-different-tumor-numbers-why/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/gut-microbes.jpggut microbeshttps://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/figure-1.pngFigure 2: Distinct gut microbiota causes different colorectal cancer prognosis through modulating immune cells. Microbiota #1 promoted CD8+ T cells’ protective role in suppressing tumors, while microbiota #2 promoted cancer by overstimulating CD8+ T cells, which then lead to CD8+ T cells’ dysfunctional state - lost its ability to attack cancer cells. https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/figure-2.pngFigure 1: Distinct microbiota causes different tumor susceptibility. Two mice with different microorganism composition have dissimilar tumor numbers and immune cells. While mice with microbiota #1 have fewer immune cells and tumor numbers, mice with microbiota #2 have more immune cells with larger numbers of tumors. 2020-11-23T00:26:05+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2020/07/06/immunobites-air-pollution/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/fig2.jpegFig2https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/fig1.jpegFig1https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/fig1-1.pngFig1https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/max-van-den-oetelaar-buymym3rq3u-unsplash.jpgmax-van-den-oetelaar-buymYm3RQ3U-unsplash2020-07-06T20:12:49+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2020/06/22/camelid-antibodies-a-potential-solution-to-the-coronavirus-prob-llama/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/picture1.jpgPicture1https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/gettyimages-580045848.jpggettyimages-580045848https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/llamas.jpgllamas2020-06-22T13:50:18+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2020/06/12/hors-doeuvres-for-healthy-nerves-how-the-gut-microbiome-affects-the-nervous-system/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/microbiome-mouse.jpgmicrobiome mousehttps://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/immunobites-june-2020.pngImmunobites June 20202020-06-12T14:04:33+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2020/06/09/immunobites-statement-of-support-for-black-lives-matter/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/blm-immunobites-01.pngBLM-immunobites2020-06-09T18:23:11+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2020/05/25/cancer-creates-special-agents-out-of-immune-cells/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/6521106.jpg6521106https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/kindpng_970394.pngkindpng_970394https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/screen-shot-2020-05-25-at-7.54.39-am.pngScreen Shot 2020-05-25 at 7.54.39 AMFigure 1: Myc/Twist1-driven metastasis. Panel 1) In the context of liver cancer, some tumor cells (green) contain high levels of the proteins Myc and Twist1. Panel 2) Myc and Twist1 cause cancer cells to secrete cytokines (blue dots), such as Ccl2 and Il-13. These cytokines can travel from the tumor into the bloodstream, where they interact with macrophage precursors (purple). Panel 3) Influenced by the cytokines, the macrophage precursors travel out of the bloodstream to the tumor site, where they become TAMS. Panel 4) TAMS can make cancer cells more invasive, helping them move into the bloodstream and metastasize (spread) to different places in the body.2020-05-25T12:17:27+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2020/04/27/unconventional-ways-to-produce-a-rash/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/cover-image-1.jpghttps://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/cd1-presentation.pngFigure 2. Presentation of oily allergens through the unconventional CD1a molecule by APCs to T cellshttps://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/antigen-presentation-.pngFigure 1. The traditional way to present cut allergens to T cells by APCs through their MHC molecules2020-04-27T16:10:40+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2020/04/23/immunity-in-the-time-of-coronavirus/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/ards.pngARDShttps://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/corona_antibody_test.jpgCorona_antibody_testAntibody test results for SARS-CoV-2; Image via Wikimedia Commons.https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/coronavirus-life-cycle-01.pngcoronavirus-life-cycle-012020-10-04T15:27:49+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2020/04/13/fever-what-is-it-good-or-bad-for/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/figure-1.jpegfigure 1Figure 1: The Impact of Fever on Th17 Cells. When an immature CD4+ T cell interacts with the cytokines IL-6 and TGF-β, the immature cell becomes a Th17 cell. At normal temperatures (37°C), this activation occurs at a certain rate. Under fever-like temperatures (39.5°C), this basal rate is greatly enhanced. This results in a greater number of Th17 cells present under a fever-like temperature compared to a normal temperature after the same amount of elapsed time.https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/figure-2.pngfigure 2Figure 2. When an immature CD4+ T cell interacts with the cytokine TGF-β, the transcription factor SMAD4 gets activated. Small molecular tags called SUMOylation can get added onto SMAD4 to alter its function. SUMOylated SMAD4 can then activate Th17 specific genes, ultimately turning the immature CD4+ T cell into a Th17 cell. Under fever-like conditions, SMAD4 SUMOylation is increased and is required for the enhanced Th17 cell responses that are seen.https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/cover-image.jpgcover imagehttps://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/figure-1.pngfigure 1Figure 1. When an immature CD4+ T cell interacts with the cytokines IL-6 and TGF-β, the immature cell becomes a Th17 cell. At normal temperature (37°C), this activation occurs at a certain rate. Under fever-like temperature (39.5°C), this rate is greatly enhanced. This results in a greater number of Th17 cells present under fever-like temperature compared to normal temperature after the same amount of elapsed time. 2020-04-13T14:30:33+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2020/04/13/the-many-flavors-of-t-cells/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/592d9c13107175.56270ca0aa267.jpg592d9c13107175.56270ca0aa267https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/6ed13935820807.5704eb79e45da.jpg6ed13935820807.5704eb79e45dahttps://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/cd4-t-cell-classes.pngCD4 T cell classesFigure 1. When a naive CD4+ T cell recognizes a foreign substance, it becomes activated and differentiates into a specific class of mature CD4+ T cell. Depending on tha ailment, different cytokines are produced in the surrounding environment, which are important for determining which CD4+ T cell subset arises. Each CD4+ T cell subset produces specific cytokines and has varying functions during an immune response. 2020-05-09T05:24:37+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2020/03/02/caught-on-camera-for-the-first-time-immune-cells-invade-an-injured-nerve-of-the-spinal-cord/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/ay-cover-image-veiltail-11455_1920.jpghttps://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/anastasia-nerve-cartoon-for-immunobites-march-2020.jpegIn an injured spinal cord, the tip of a cut nerve is retracting into its myelin sheath, leaving behind the "dieback zone." As part of the immune response, granulocytes and microglia have invaded the site of the injury and the "dieback zone." Some microglia are carrying bits of broken off myelin, cleaning up the aftermath of the injury. 2020-03-02T15:49:02+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2020/02/24/microbial-products-train-your-t-cells/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/8538248830_1a15cacc65_b.jpgLaw EnforcementT cell "soldiers" participate in defense responses when presented with specific antigens.2020-02-24T02:15:53+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2020/02/07/the-2019-novel-coronavirus-an-emerging-outbreak/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/coronavirus-sem.pngCoronavirus SEMhttps://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/coronavirus-capsid.pngcoronavirus capsid2020-02-07T18:34:18+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2020/02/03/are-dust-mites-getting-on-your-nerves/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/e28098a-scanning-electron-micrograph-of-a-female-dust-mitee28099.jpghttps://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/khoury-fig-2-e1580739145728.pngFigure 2: In the skin “Neuro-immune clusters” consisting of nociceptors and mast cells act as sensors to allergens like dust mites. Dust mites can directly activate nociceptor neurons which results in the production and release of neuropeptide SP. Neuropeptide SP binds to receptors on the surface of mast cells inducing degranulation and initiation of the allergic response. https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/khoury-fig-1-e1580738062761.png2020-02-03T19:21:35+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2020/01/20/cancer-manipulates-your-immune-system-cholesterol-and-its-impact-on-immunity-within-tumors/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/3028314931_53d4aa5fc2.jpg3028314931_53d4aa5fc2https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/cholesterol-exhausts-cd8-t-cells-immunobites-jan-2020.jpegCholesterol Exhausts CD8+ T Cells Immunobites Jan 2020Figure 2. Cholesterol Uptake In T Cells Induces Their Exhaustion. Tumor-derived cholesterol can be taken in by T cells which leads to increases in ER stress, XBP1, and eventually loss of T cell function.https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/t-cell-deactivation-pd-1-immunobites-jan-2020.pngT-cell Deactivation PD-1 Immunobites Jan 2020Figure 1. T Cell Deactivation. Immune checkpoint PD-1 puts the brakes on T cell responses.https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/cholesterol-exhausts-cd8-t-cells-immunobites-jan-2020.pngCholesterol Exhausts CD8+ T Cells Immunobites Jan 2020Figure 2. Cholesterol Uptake In T Cells Induces Their Exhaustion. Tumor-derived cholesterol can be taken in by T cells which leads to increases in ER stress, XBP1, and eventually loss of T cell function.2020-01-21T16:53:51+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2020/01/06/the-future-of-supplementation-goes-viral/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/2adb092b-1726-4e56-a0dd-30056756ddae.jpg2adb092b-1726-4e56-a0dd-30056756ddae2020-01-07T20:24:58+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2019/12/09/hard-as-a-rock-the-neutrophils-role-in-gallstone-generation/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/3353221310_f4dcfb278c_b.jpg3353221310_f4dcfb278c_bhttps://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/article-2-figure-final.pngArticle 2 - Figure finalFigure 1: NETs are critical in gallstone assembly. Bile supersaturated with cholesterol and calcium salts, resulting in small precipitates. These precipitates, upon contact with neutrophils, will trigger NETosis and the release of their ecDNA and elastase. These neutrophil components accumulate around these precipitates, facilitating gallstone assembly and growth. 2019-12-09T12:37:01+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2019/12/05/the-long-lasting-impact-of-measles-a-gateway-to-immune-amnesia/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/vaccination-1215279_1920.jpgvaccination-1215279_1920https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/screen-shot-2019-12-04-at-8.20.25-pm.pngScreen Shot 2019-12-04 at 8.20.25 PMhttps://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/screen-shot-2019-12-04-at-8.13.32-pm.pngScreen Shot 2019-12-04 at 8.13.32 PMFigure 2: The impact of MeV infection on antibody diversityhttps://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/screen-shot-2019-12-04-at-8.02.11-pm.pngScreen Shot 2019-12-04 at 8.02.11 PM2019-12-09T12:22:53+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2019/11/25/making-memories-long-term-flu-immune-response/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/5947635814_fe1eaf3364_b-e1574655567248.jpg5947635814_fe1eaf3364_bhttps://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/interferon_lambda_tslp.jpeginterferon_lambda_TSLP2019-11-25T16:23:31+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2019/11/11/dont-snooze-your-biological-clock-during-flu-season/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/screen-shot-2019-11-11-at-7.01.39-pm.pngScreen Shot 2019-11-11 at 7.01.39 PMhttps://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/screen-shot-2019-11-11-at-6.35.10-pm.pngScreen Shot 2019-11-11 at 6.35.10 PM2019-11-12T00:08:58+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2018/11/12/somatic-recombination/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/quadroma_antibodies-svg.pngQuadroma_antibodies.svghttps://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/antibody_igg21.pngAntibody_IgG2https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/antibody_igg2.pngAntibody_IgG2https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/b-cells1.jpgB cells1https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/b-cells2.jpgB cells22019-11-08T18:50:52+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2019/02/04/enemy-infiltration-of-the-blood-brain-barrier/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/brain-951847_1920.jpgbrain-951847_1920https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/screen-shot-2019-02-04-at-7.01.00-am.pngScreen Shot 2019-02-04 at 7.01.00 AMFigure 1: Routes of BBB infiltration. https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/screen-shot-2019-02-04-at-6.22.50-am.pngScreen Shot 2019-02-04 at 6.22.50 AMFigure 1: Transcellular entry. https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/screen-shot-2019-02-04-at-6.23.43-am.pngScreen Shot 2019-02-04 at 6.23.43 AMhttps://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/screen-shot-2019-02-04-at-6.23.27-am.pngScreen Shot 2019-02-04 at 6.23.27 AM2022-01-28T10:18:06+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2019/09/03/gut-out-of-here-how-gut-microbiome-can-enhance-immune-response/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/36256920123_fb5c2e36c4_b.jpgBacteria backgroundMedical illustration of virus cells close uphttps://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/scfa.jpegSCFAFigure 1: https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/figure-1.jpegFIGURE 1Figure 1: hghjgj2019-09-03T12:40:50+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2019/08/26/a-cutting-edge-over-hiv-crispr-cas-9-and-the-search-for-a-cure/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/istockphoto-539207021-612x612.jpgistockphoto-539207021-612x612Image of bacteria as seen under a microscopehttp://195.154.178.81/DATA/i_collage/pi/shoots/785093.jpghttps://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/7930795_450_450_81514_0_fill_0_7b97e3d20b9a810fed7788cab67433de.jpgHiv Aids Virus. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome2019-08-28T02:41:29+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2019/07/29/unraveling-the-mystery-of-the-omnipresent-dna-sensor-called-cgas/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/cgas_immunobites-e1564424022803.pngcGAS_Immunobiteshttps://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/dna_model_abstract.jpgdna_model_abstract2019-07-29T21:33:02+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2019/06/24/happy-anniversary-immunobites/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/abstract-colorful-confetti-celebration-background-3423816.jpgAbstract Colorful Confetti Celebration BackgroundAbstract Colorful Confetti Celebration Background2019-06-24T17:26:35+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2019/06/24/now-presenting-dendritic-cells-a-driving-force-for-new-anti-tumor-vaccines/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/30547604116_cdbfb5fbc0_b.jpg30547604116_cdbfb5fbc0_bhttps://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/immunobites-june-2019-ag-presentation.jpegDCs in the IntestinesFigure 1https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/immunobites-june-2019-ag-presentation.jpgImmunoBites June 2019 Ag PresentationFigure 12019-06-25T12:05:54+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2019/03/18/connection-interrupted-how-regulatory-cells-selectively-tune-down-immune-responses/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/1024px-healthy_human_t_cell.jpg1024px-Healthy_Human_T_Cellhttps://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/immunobites-mechanism-figure-jpg.jpgImmunoBites Mechanism Figure 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Image2019-06-24T02:18:28+00:00weekly0.6https://immunobites.com/become-a-writer/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/computer-desk-email-7112.jpgcomputer-desk-email-71122019-06-24T02:05:12+00:00weekly0.6https://immunobites.com/2019/01/07/the-golden-star-tunicate-a-golden-star-of-immunology-research/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/botryllus-schlosseri_01.jpgbotryllus-schlosseri_01https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/botryllus_schlosseri.jpgbotryllus_schlosseri2019-06-24T01:22:42+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2019/06/03/the-skin-is-connected-to-thegut-how-tissue-crosstalk-may-orchestrate-oral-anaphylaxis/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/peanut-butter.jpgpeanut butter2019-06-04T01:05:52+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2019/05/14/gut-microbes-and-the-quest-for-needle-free-vaccines/2019-05-14T14:12:27+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2019/04/29/a-new-target-to-treat-nerve-injuries-natural-killer-cells-strike-back/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/neuron_in_tissue_culture.jpgNeuron_in_tissue_culture2019-04-29T14:51:43+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2019/04/15/the-dark-side-of-the-immune-response-how-antibodies-can-facilitate-the-spread-of-zika-virus/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/zika.jpgzikahttps://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/screen-shot-2019-04-15-at-3.38.07-pm.pngScreen Shot 2019-04-15 at 3.38.07 PMFigure 1:https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/screen-shot-2019-04-15-at-3.31.19-pm.pngScreen Shot 2019-04-15 at 3.31.19 PMFigure 2:2019-04-15T20:01:53+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2019/04/02/omega3fatacids/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/kuhn-1-april.jpgkUHN 1 aPRIL2019-04-02T15:50:57+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2019/02/18/the-surprising-similarities-between-cilia-and-immune-synapse-signaling/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/cilia-e1550529658921.pngciliahttps://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/cilia-1-e1550529502201.jpgciliahttps://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/8550788014_4d09e369ba_k-e1550509865607.jpg8550788014_4d09e369ba_k2019-02-18T22:43:34+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2019/01/28/objection-not-sustained-macrophages-prevent-transplant-rejection/2019-01-28T16:09:14+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2018/12/10/whats-gut-got-to-do-with-it-how-the-gut-microbiome-affects-cancer-immunotherapy/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/29872812646_88270b01dd_o.jpggut_microbiome2018-12-10T21:25:29+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2018/12/10/cancer-immunotherapy/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/28128037754_98028518f7_k.jpgcancer_immunotherapy2018-12-10T21:02:41+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2018/11/12/head-to-head-protection-unique-antibodies-confer-malaria-resistance/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/bcell_malariaparasite01-e1541981497794.jpgBcell_MalariaParasite012018-12-05T21:32:02+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2018/11/26/tick-bites-and-red-meat-allergies-a-surprising-cause-of-idiopathic-anaphylaxis/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/picture1.pngPicture1Figure 1. Mast cell activation. Mast cells have proteins on their surface that allow them to bind to one end of IgE immunoglobulins present within the blood. When these IgE molecules subsequently bind to a specific antigen, the mast cell becomes activated and releases pro-inflammatory molecules like histamine and tryptase.https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/16965-a-female-amblyomma-tick-on-a-blade-of-grass-pv1.jpg16965-a-female-amblyomma-tick-on-a-blade-of-grass-pvhttps://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/16965-a-female-amblyomma-tick-on-a-blade-of-grass-pv.jpg16965-a-female-amblyomma-tick-on-a-blade-of-grass-pvhttps://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/15437-a-deer-tick-on-a-blade-of-grass-pv.jpg15437-a-deer-tick-on-a-blade-of-grass-pvhttps://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/unnamed.jpgunnamedFigure 1. Mast cell activation. Mast cells have proteins on their surface that allow them to bind to one end if IgE immunoglobulins that are present in the blood. When these IgE molecules bind to a specific antigen, the mast cell becomes activated and releases pro-inflammatory molecules like histamine and tryptase. 2018-11-26T10:59:07+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2018/10/29/the-regulatory-role-of-il-9-il-9r-signaling-in-memory-b-cell-response/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/antigen-antibody-complex.pngAntigen-antibody-complex2018-11-25T13:07:08+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/home/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/1024px-macrophage-e1522525112456.jpg1024px-Macrophage2018-11-12T16:51:19+00:00weekly0.6https://immunobites.com/2018/08/06/regulating-self-versus-non-self-t-cell-tolerance-mechanisms/2018-10-12T14:42:18+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2018/10/01/tolerance-inducing-therapies/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/ms_vaccine_strategies1.jpegms_vaccine_strategieshttps://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/myelin_sheath.jpgmyelin_sheath2018-10-01T16:48:21+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2018/09/17/nk-cell-killing-how-many-lytic-granules-does-it-take/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/screen-shot-2018-09-22-at-8-18-01-am.pngScreen Shot 2018-09-22 at 8.18.01 AMFigure 2. NK cell degranulation in a tumor microenvironment. Panel A shows the targeted release of lytic granules when an NK targets just one cell, such as a virally infected cell. Panel B shows a hypothetical situation in which an NK cell has been engineered to release lytic granules across it's entire membrane, making it more effective at killing the multitude of cancer cells that compose a tumor. https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/29194515956_3b072ceb66_b.jpg29194515956_3b072ceb66_bhttps://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/screen-shot-2018-08-31-at-2-31-16-pm.pngScreen Shot 2018-08-31 at 2.31.16 PMFigure 1. NK cell degranulation. In order for an NK cell to kill a target cell, it must release the contents of lytic granules in a process called degranulation. These lytic granules travel to and fuse with the NK cell membrane, releasing their contents on the exterior of the cell. This process also exposes the membrane protein LAMP-1 on the outside of the cell, exposing it a then environment with a more neutral pH than inside the lytic granule. 2018-09-22T12:25:29+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2018/09/04/energy-for-destruction-cd8-t-cell-metabolism-controls-tolerance-to-tuberculosis/2018-09-17T19:02:08+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2018/08/20/how-to-make-a-t-cell-receptor-the-simpler-version/2019-06-24T01:07:20+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2018/08/20/location-location-location-t-cell-receptor-placement-makes-or-breaks-immune-response-speed/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/tcr-distribution-e1534689526174.jpgTCR distributionNano-cluster model versus random distribution model of TCR arrangement2018-08-20T15:11:14+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2018/08/06/friendly-fire-an-introduction-to-autoimmune-disease/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/virus-1812092_1920.jpgvirus-1812092_1920https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/microscope-1276131_1920.jpgmicroscope-1276131_1920https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/lab-512503_1920.jpglab-512503_1920https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/lab-385348_1920.jpglab-385348_1920https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/cells-1872666_1920.jpgcells-1872666_1920https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/analysis-2030261_1920.jpganalysis-2030261_19202018-08-10T16:24:53+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2018/08/07/when-friend-becomes-foe-gut-bacteria-triggers-autoimmunity-in-mice-and-humans/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/pixnio-41536-725x486.jpgenterococcus2018-08-07T21:50:30+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2018/08/07/the-mighty-mighty-microbiome/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/microbiome.jpgmicrobiome2018-08-07T18:04:51+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2018/07/23/neutralizing-your-enemies-by-eating-them-just-an-ordinary-day-in-the-life-of-the-immune-system/2018-07-23T19:22:52+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2018/07/23/mhc-class-i-a-novel-mediator-of-the-dont-eat-me-signal/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/ki67-tubulin-2.jpgKi67-Tubulin-2https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/screen-shot-2018-07-19-at-2-46-31-pm.jpgScreen Shot 2018-07-19 at 2.46.31 PMFigure 1. The CD47 blocking antibody Panel A depicts the scenario in which the SIRPa receptor on macrophages binds the CD47 protein displayed on the surface of cancer cells. CD47 acts as a “don’t eat me” signal, effectively inhibiting phagocytic processes in the macrophage and preventing cancer cell engulfment. Panel B shows the ideal scenario for treatment of cancer cells with the CD47 blocking antibody. When the CD47 antibody binds CD47, its presence blocks the interaction between SIRPa and CD47. Because SIRP1 is unable to engage CD47, the macrophage does not receive the “don’t eat me signal,” and the cancer cell can be engulfed and killed. Panel C shows one way that cancer cells may escape the effects of the CD47 blocking antibody. Here, the cancer cell avoids engulfment by expressing MHC class I complexes, which act as another “don’t eat me” signal when recognized by the macrophage.2018-07-23T19:16:03+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2018/07/23/what-is-mhc-and-why-does-it-matter/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/blood-1813410_1920.jpgblood-1813410_1920https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/mhc_legend.jpgMHC_legend2021-01-03T21:21:25+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2018/07/09/mosquito-spit-gives-zika-virus-an-infectious-edge/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/zika-virus_no-ltrin1-e1531142504758.jpgzika virus_No LTRIN2018-07-09T20:28:13+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2018/07/09/vector-borne-diseases-directions-in-transmission/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/160322-o-zz999-9257.jpgOriginal Title: Aa_FC3_10a.jpgOriginal Title: Aa_FC3_10a.jpghttps://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/mosquito_transmission.pngmosquito_transmission2018-07-09T19:09:16+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2018/07/09/an-introduction-to-interferons/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/1rh2_recombinant_human_interferon-alpha_2b-01.png1RH2_Recombinant_Human_Interferon-Alpha_2b-01https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/interferons_figure1.jpgInterferons_Figure12018-07-09T19:02:42+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2018/06/24/organs-of-the-immune-system/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/bone_marrow_wbc.jpgBone_marrow_WBChttps://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/lymph-progen.jpglymph progenhttps://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/lymph-organs.jpglymph organs2018-07-09T18:51:04+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2018/06/24/the-very-model-of-a-modern-research-organism/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/zebrafish.jpgzebrafishhttps://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/model_organisms.pngmodel_organisms2018-07-09T18:51:02+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2018/06/24/the-innate-and-adaptive-immune-system/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/16760076824_c57945ba35_k-1.jpg16760076824_c57945ba35_k (1)https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/s-_pneumoniae.jpgS._pneumoniae2018-07-09T18:51:00+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2018/06/24/cytokines-the-language-of-immunity/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/ifng.jpgIFNg2018-07-09T18:50:57+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2018/06/24/the-diversity-of-immunoglobulins/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/immunoglobulins-human1.jpgImmunoglobulins - Humanhttps://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/elisa.jpgELISA2018-07-09T18:50:55+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.com/2018/06/24/nature-versus-nurture-comparing-the-immune-systems-of-wild-and-lab-reared-mice/https://immunobites.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/wild_lab_mice.pngwild_lab_mice2018-07-09T18:50:53+00:00monthlyhttps://immunobites.comdaily1.02022-07-07T15:34:22+00:00